Evaluating Design Choice and Threats to Validity in an Experimental Coursework

Assessing Design Choice and Threats to Validity in an Experimental Design - Coursework Example er had chosen the semi structure on the grounds that the exploration was taking the state of a trial look into that would include an instructive experimentation on the effect of a 2-level educational program on the scholastic execution of understudies. In semi structure, the most exceptional contrast that is seen from different types of plans is in the determination of respondents on the grounds that semi configuration comes up short on the central elements of arbitrary task of respondents (Wade et al, 2009). The semi configuration was chosen dependent on various elements. The first has to do with the way that the analyst was attempted an instructive investigation and felt that the semi configuration would guarantee openness to respondents since there would have been an enormous populace to manage. It has been noticed that in circumstances were there are enormous populaces for the scientist to manage; working with semi configuration decreases the aggregate sum of work that the analys t needs to do in an arbitrary testing system. In this manner, it was simpler for the current scientist to choose only a class and utilize the register framework to choose the example size. Another explanation for the author’s justification for semi configuration was in the way that the semi configuration introduced itself with the chance to attempt singular contextual analyses whiles tending to the first research issue. Such coordinated contextual analyses were essential in testing the factors to the last mentioned. At last, semi for the most part helped in the decrease of in general time and asset expected to finish the examination (Broadwings, 2009). This was a significant basis in light of the fact that the analyst was embraced a scholarly research that was time bound. Having chosen the semi plan, the specialist sketched out various validities of the examination. The primary kind of legitimacy introduced was out of sight of the respondents, all of who the specialist noted was having the equivalent instructive foundation thus had an equivalent possibility of meeting the factors set.

Viable Research Topic Assessment And Information Source Evaluation Paper

Feasible Topic Assessment And Information Source Evaluation - Research Paper Example ach my Research Proposal as a strategy of Payday Loan administrations to comfort stores, this are organizations giving credit administrations among different business capacities. This subject is of incredible incentive as a great many people come up short on money every once in a while during shopping; from the business perspective they are considered as potential objective clients for the business (Miller, 2012). The field-tested strategy will concentrate on the basic territories that make up a decent and fruitful new company. This data can be critical to the understudy in this manner valuable for future undertakings. There are sufficient assets that will help during improvement of such an arrangement (Brooks and Dunn., 2009). With some direction from others the data can be useful to present and future businesses for reference, a similar data can be gotten from libraries and other government asset focuses on the web. With considerable data one can see how to compose a marketable str ategy of an expert norm, by knowing the basic components of strategies. With various examples close by one is empowered to compose an expert arrangement (Harold and Heinz, 2008). The arrangement will incorporate the business structure of the organization both in size and multifaceted nature. It will likewise concentrate on the wellsprings of financing for the business, the organization depiction that is for this case it will loan foundation that will increasingly unique in relation to the banks, that is quicker administrations and less expensive to the clients as far as premium charges (Ireland, Hitt, and Hoskisson, 2009). The arrangement will incorporate the guidelines administering the administrations, the approaches to procure pay and furthermore the methods of recruiting workers to the organization. Authorizing and other lawful rules in the business as set by the legislature will be likewise a basic segment of marketable strategy (Braswell, R.McCarthy, and McCarthy, 2012). The primary advantages of the payday advance administrations to clients is to spare time used to process credits in banks, set aside cash through the

adoption of organic food - 4675 Words

adoption of organic food (Case Study Sample) Content: Adoption of Organic Food Production Name Course Institution Introduction Organic farming entails the use of biological methods in all farming practices. Ideally, the approach engages the farmers in the use of manure sourced from animals and biologically developed growing and controlling methods. The method enables the society to deviate from the consumption of food products grown under the utilization of chemical products (Lockie C.A.B. International, 2006). Arguments are that the farming technique is gaining momentum since the products grown and marketed are less intoxicating to human health compared to those grown using chemical methods. The marginal growth indicated that a 20% consumer population by the year 2001 embraced the agricultural approach (Adams Salois, 2010). The trend has since changed, and the revenues accrued from the produce sales stands at US$70 billion in current surveys. Therefore, organic agriculture continues to present abundant products to the global consumer markets and it seems that the population is diverting from the use of ch emically grown and processed farm products. The study evaluates and asserts on the production, marketing, and economic practices associated with the adoption of organic agricultural approaches. Organic agricultural practices are converging into the application of several principles, which ensure that the grown and marketed products suit the needs of the global consumers. For instance, the Principle of Health encompasses the farmers to execute their practices into producing the best agricultural goods without exposing the lives of the consumers into a series of risks (Chaudhry, et al. 2010). The principle stipulates that the process of organic farming prevail at the extent when the practices enhance the health of the soil as well as that of the plants (Belk, 2010). Further, the animals and human consumers' lives should accrue benefits rather than health risks from the consumption (Sun, 2012). Secondly, the Principle of Ecology dictates that the farming practices executed by the players should serve to emulate and enhance the ecological systems and cycles and emulate towards a sustainable edge (Mayen, Balagtas, Alexander, 2010). On the third account, the Principle of Fairnes s sets organic agricultural standards above par through the implementation of terms and conditions to ensure the benefits are distributed to the environmental factors equitably (Hand Martinez, 2010). Lastly, the Principle of Care beseeches the parties in the organic agricultural sector to execute precautionary and quality control practices for the benefit of the society, environment, and the future generations (Lal, 2011). Market value of organic commodities The market trends of organic agricultural products have been changing since the beginning of the Millennium. It is evident that the revenues accrued from the sales of organic agro-products were US$20 billion. The trend increasingly changed over the first decade to stand at $35 billion in 2011. Other producers of the products include South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan (Smith Olesen, 2010). The market value of organic agricultural products is continuously increasing with the global community realizing the benefits of consuming the products over those grown with the use of inorganic practices (Henson Humphrey, 2010). The EU seems to be unifying approaches to pricing to determine the delivery of the best measures, which will ensure that farmers of the member states engage on organic agriculture practices (Blair, 2011). Members of the associations aiming to draw the global production and consumption to embrace a 100% use of organic products assert that reduction of taxes and funding of the products is the key to increased demand of the products. Ideally, the current situation of organic agricultural practices is improving as retail stores and other market intermediaries continually create shelf space to the products (KlopcÃÅ'Å’icÃÅ'Å’ Kuipers, 2013). For instance, Tesco, Asda, and Morrisons are the leading retail chain stores for the purchase and sale of organic agricultural products. In the U.S.A, Asda and Wal-Mart are competitive in establishing profound market shares in the organic food products' sales segment (Chakrabarti, 2010). Precisely, the giant retail stores are remarkably influential to the segment's produce since most of the consumers visit the shops with views of purchasing products and services of the best quality. Members of the segment must conform to the call for unified pr icing approaches since it is serviceable to curbing the threats of overproduction, underproduction, and undervaluation of the organic agricultural products presented in the markets (White, et al. 2010). The demand of the products is rising whenever its supply is efficient and it is likely that the demand will not change. The demand is high for the ageing population, which seeks to consume biologically developed and grown food products to avoid the risks associated with inorganic farming methods (Baourakis, 2004). The increased supply of the products in the US, UK, Japan, and other regions with profound economic basis is an indication that consumer awareness is stimulating a level of increased demand for the long-term benefits. Further, the EU has enforced a policy that seeks to establish a "minimum price" for the entire regional members to adapt a realistic approach in the reduction of uncertainty for the member countries' farmers (Kotler, 2011). The resolution seems to be appropriate since the internal population will be observant to ensure that the farmers engage in healthy, caring, and environmentally friendly practices, and the prices stipulated for the products compare reasonably with that enforced by the regional conventions (Klonsky Greene, 2005). The use of a minimum price approach affects the demand and supply practices for organic agricultural goods. The effects of a minimum price approach are that the supply of the agricultural products presented by different farmers from different continents to the global markets will increase according to every slight increment in demand (Tuomisto, et al. 2012). The obvious reason to the positive elasticity of organic agricultural products' demand emanates from the increasing awareness of the detrimental effects of consuming inorganic agricultural products. For instance, the market is realistic of the cancerous effects that are borne by the lengthened use of products grown under the application of chemical measures (Kuminoff Wossink, 2010). The price remains constant and the farmers compete to produce and exploit the market rather than produce and sell in accordance to the level of demand (Kristiansen, et al. 2006). It is certain that the demand and supply of organic agricultural products is likely to show positive congruence to the law of demand since the minimum price is constraint in the cases of underproduction or overproduction during the low and high the seasons (Conferencia, et al. 2006). Further, the organic food consumers are contented of the availability of supply despite the seasonal changes hence they are increasing their margin al consumption patterns. Further, families with infants are increasingly entering the market segment and it is evident that the rate of increase in the consumer population is tripling (LÃÆ'Â ¤pple, 2010). The use of price quotas in the segment is an abundant solution to ensure that the organic agricultural market within the producing member states conform to the ideal needs of the relevant organizations and consumers (Kearney, 2010). Certainly, the imposed quotas seek to restrain the prevalence of overproduction since the farmers acknowledge that the concerned governments do not seek to bar growth in output, but rather target to ensure that the markets decipher adequate supply with reduced rates of scarcity and overproduction (Massoud, et al. 2010). The market value of the organic products is adequate since the planners show their devotion in evaluating the needs and preferences of the consumers prior to the delivery processes (Canavari Olson, 2007). The concerned unions' use of subsidies and incentives to discourage the use of chemical agricultural methods are of profound resolutions into ensuring that the markets continue to uphold the necessary values drawn from the products' cons umption (SÃ ¡nchez, 2010). The application of embargoes and quotas in the EU, NAFTA, and the South Asian organizations are an appropriate surety that the goods availed into the markets are beneficial and fit for human consumption (Mount, 2012). Therefore, the market value of the produce is continuously increasing over the challenges of other agricultural products for the consumers remain to be loyal to the biologically grown and processed products (Sandhu, Wratten, Cullen, 2010). Further, the 35% growth is viewed as increasing since new consumer groups are entering the markets. Currently, the market value of organic agricultural products stands at $60 billion. The U.S.A undertakes most of the agricultural activities and markets the products to the European and South Asian regions (Pereira Ortega, 2010). Economic considerations The global economic growth towards organic agricultural production and consumption seems to be on a positive and a constant upwards trend since the onset of the 1990's especially in developing countries (Seufert, Ramankutty, Foley, 2012). The USDA organization asserts that the demand and supply of organic food products are currently on the rise with the current statistics revealing a double-digit growth. Arguably, the organization stipulates that the products are available in 3 out of every 4 stores in the local and foreign markets (Behnassi, Pollmann, Kissinger, 2013). However, the economic trend seems to be affecting ...

Performance Management At The Strategic Human Resource...

Introduction Performance management has grown in importance within the Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) field due to an increase in the expected level of employee accountability. Performance levels effect compensation, goal setting, training and development, succession, administrative action and appraisal, therefore a successful review plan is essential for a smoothly functioning organization (Maylett, 2009, p. 52). Performance review allows for strategic decision-making regarding employee advancement, retention, and separation, while providing insight into career planning (Pynes, 2013, p. 304). Performance review and feedback also allow the agency to gauge the effectiveness of the human resource management department’s actions and how they are working to execute the mission of the organization. Performance management methods, such as reviews, can allow the employer to discover what motivates their employees. Be it wage increase, bonuses, or praise, motivation is essential in keeping employee morale high. Review also allows for evaluation of the employee’s KSAOC’s to reveal any shortcomings in critical skill areas; this may reveal a need for a change in employee recruitment methods or the addition of training programs. Managerial training is an essential part of any review process. An untrained rater will be unable to provide feedback in a manner that is beneficial to the ratee. Evaluations should be objective, in order to prevent discrimination orShow MoreRelated‘Effective Strategic Human Resource Management Leads to Improvements in Organizational Performance.’ Discuss2662 Words   |  11 Pages‘Effective strategic human resource management leads to improvements in organizational performance.’ Discuss Over the last centurary, Human Resource Management (HRM), the function within an organization that focuses on recruitment of, management of, and providing direction for the people who work in the organization and also performed by line  managers (Heathfield), has exploded with interest and its prominence has increased greatly. 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According to ourRead MoreMicrosofts Human Resource Management Strategy679 Words   |  3 PagesCORPORATION HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Company Profile: Microsoft Corporation Importance of Strategic Human Resource Management Talent Management Strategies Compensation and benefit packages for employees Policies and practices for Labor relations management Comparison with the Competitors Conclusion OBJECTIVES OF THE HRM STRATEGY To design effective talent management strategies; including recruitment and selection, motivation and retention, performance managementRead MoreHuman Resource Management : The Management Of An Organization1250 Words   |  5 PagesHuman resource management is the management of an organization to build and maintain the relation between the employee and the organization in order to meet business objectives and employee expectations. The process of hiring and developing employees so that they become more valuable to the organization. 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This organizational strategy has been integrated in several businesses mainly toRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management1738 Words   |  7 PagesSTRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Strategic human resource management is the process of linking the human resource function with the strategic objectives of the organization in order to improve performance. Strategic management The word ‘strategy’, deriving from the Greek noun strategus, meaning ‘commander in chief’, was first used in the English language in 1656. The development and usage of the word suggests that it is composed of stratos (army) and agein (to lead). In a management context

U.s. Foreign Policy History - 2175 Words

The course of U.S. foreign policy history can be understood through â€Å"watersheds,† or critical points. These points can serve as dividing lines that illuminate shifts in policy and opinion. However, thinking of this history in terms of critical moments or turning points can simplify the complex actors, sentiments and tendencies that create and influence foreign policy. These critical points are not necessarily the sole cause of massive shifts in policy, but often add impetus to pre-existing tendencies. Nonetheless, watersheds can help the public digest patterns in foreign policy, playing an important role in how American’s perceive their role in the world. According to Brzezinski, â€Å"America’s relationship with the world has been characterized by cycles of ‘extroversion’ and ‘introversion’,† or involvement and isolationism. Throughout the nation’s history, Americans have witnessed and influenced many shifts or turns in this cycle, caused, exacerbated or illuminated by several critical events. Through this lens, the Spanish-American War, Pearl Harbor, the Vietnam War and 9/11 are critical points that added the impetus to shift the cycle of U.S. foreign policy in the other direction. The Spanish-American war paved the way for American Imperialism, illuminating a shift towards interventionist policies. Emerging from post-WWI isolationism, the attack on Pearl Harbor created an immediate national consensus, realigning foreign policy towards international involvement andShow MoreRelatedU.s. Foreign Policy : Global Power For Recent History2602 Words   |  11 PagesThe United States (US) has been the major global power for recent history – they have been labelled as the superpower and many smaller, developing nations have looked to the US for assistance in times of crisis. 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Foreign Policy1007 Words   |  5 Pagesorientation, race, and culture on history to a far more prominent degree than course books composed fifty years prior. However recent course material has kept on offering the same focal account about Americas past: the development of the national government. One of the real ways that course materials accentuate the significance of the national government is by examining presidential administrations at overwhelming length. Presidents are, obviously, imperative to American history, yet it appears to be wrongRead MoreSomalias Struggle for Power Essay example1524 Words   |  7 Pagespiracy, human trafficking and famine causing instability locally and throughout the Horn of Africa. Although U.S. backed Somali Federal Government (SFG) has had some recent success against the al Qaeda (AQ) link ed al-Shabaab, Somalia continue to face local and regional border disputes. 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Vietnam War On American Culture, Politics, And Foreign Policy1060 Words   |  5 PagesRegarded as one of the most controversial and polarizing military conflicts in U.S. history, the Vietnam War has left a deep and lasting impact on American culture, politics, and foreign policy. From 1964 to the present day, the Vietnam War redefined the scope of U.S. influence both at home and abroad, and caused a fundamental shift in American society that dramatically changed the way in which Americans viewed their government and the role of the United States as a world power. For an entire generationRead MoreFour approaches to the political economy development of Latin America1734 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstanding the political and institutional constrains that have shaped the development of Latin American countries. They have also incorporated into the analysis variables such as the influence of international organizations and the economic and class history, and its relation with one of the principal characteristics of Latin American countries: the disparity betw een the wealthy and the poor. Throughout this work, I intend to summarize and review four of the most representative theories that have helpedRead MoreForeign Policy Of The United States1042 Words   |  5 Pages The foreign policy of the United States of America is the process in which it cooperates with foreign nations and sets guidelines of communication for the rest of the world. The foreign policy of the United States is the strategy by which the United States communicates with foreign countries. The U.S. has a powerful influence in this world. 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Accounting Elites and Accounting Theory

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Elites and Accounting Theory. Answer: Introduction The Volkswagen case is in like manner an instance of how business orders approach making. Legislative issues shape corporate organization by setting chooses that associations are bound by and budgetary spurring strengths habitually accept an immense part in sketching out political slants. Proprietors, boss, and masters are responsible for getting the laws and headings they have to individuals by and large field to get their favored corporate organization result. Shareholder logic says that executives have the dedication to extend the rate of return and they are consistently the ones who need to confront beyond reconciliation conditions whether it is from wellsprings of compensation or hostile circumstances from apportioned shareholders or open/social targets (Demski, 1988). If corporate organization reporting standards are high, then it will be more troublesome for associations to submit distortion later on. Volkswagen emanation embarrassment is one of the significant outrages for th e association. For this circumstance up to 11 million overall buyers are conceivably impacted. This is possibly a phenomenal mass business ethics dissatisfaction in regards to scale and reputational hardship. Regardless, addresses stay with reference to whether this event will by and large change how associations are run Main theme of the paper In this paper the specialist will showcase the fact and identified with the well known engine auto producer Volkswagen and their few outrages in the aggressive business sector. To relieve the outrage and to attempt in the commercial center the administration of the association needs to actualize some efficacious bookkeeping hypotheses in the business process. The crucial concepts of bookkeeping are managed and categorized by different types of issues related to accounting. Overall computed framework is made by the board of FAS board, overall monetary policies and principles are set by this board. For understanding the overall accounting concepts and theories; accountants and economists have focused on the previous research papers. After having all those data, they set overall accounting framework. General study depends on the bookkeeping speculations and its illustrations with respect to the Volkswagen auto producer (Bryer, 2013). In this exposition the specialist has talked about th e conceivable issues identified with the bookkeeping and budgetary point of view of the association and how it can influence the partners of the association. In this exposition the specialist has portrayed the handiness and subjective qualities of the association and the applied structure for the bookkeeping speculations which advances the data with respect to the money related point of view of the association like Volkswagen and its pertinent, equivalent and dependable information. Because of the few embarrassments in the business sector the partners of the organization like Volkswagen are influenced in a few viewpoints in their business procedure. The principle partners of the association are clients, workers, merchants, shareholders, administrators and the administration staffs of the association. Volkswagen concentrated on a procedure that, if revealed, was ceaselessly going to wreck for both their essential concern and their reputation. They adjusted their automobiles to evade area. It wasn't an oversight or an incident; it was an intentional deluding when their whole picture suggestion relies on upon security and common insight (Jnsson, 1991). The expense of environmental security is everlasting and self-ruling deliberateness - nearby improved releases tests in genuine conditions. By then Volkswagen drivers may eventually have the ability to flash each other peace signs without feeling like they're smothering the planet. Clients of the association confront a few challenges in the phase of embarrassment period inside the association. The clients are managing the review bothers at the season of emanation embarrassment. At the season of outrage period the clients of the association confronts shame and outrage because of the purchasing of a less faithful and sparkling auto model in the business sector.Workers are the fundamental partner of the association. Because of the issues of the responsibility the representatives can confront a few challenges in their managing examination and frequently they confront some embracement in their business. The shareholder of the association has frequently enduring stunning in their business viewpoint. In all likelihood unrecoverable decency misfortunes, organizing various sorts of principle suit in numerous locales in their business procedure. Each and every business organization wants to be sustainable in the market so that it can face any kind of challenge during financial disaster. This could only be possible if the organization gets support from their workers and other stakeholders. It has been observed through analysis that sustainable organizations prepare the framework of the business on the basis of situation or demand. Volkswagen is a sustainable organization and this is reason management follows different framework so that it can fight with different disasters (Whitley, 1988). The supervisor of the respective company has tough duty to forecast the principles for getting long targets and goals. Cash related reasonability is about adaptability. Temperate associations can survive dazes, whether from budgetary crises or trademark cataclysms. This adaptability begins from strong relationship with their agents, their gatherings, and nature. Supportable associations keep away from clashing with the very structures that ensure their whole deal accomplishment. It is too tough for the management or supervisor to decide whether taken strategy would be helpful or not. In cases like Volkswagen, the pioneers were exceedingly shown individuals enveloped by unbelievable accomplices. There was no absence of theme dominance. Through the open minded mentality and thinking of the Volkswagen Company can lead the business towards a better direction and this has been the main aspect of the Volkswagen success factor. Due to these issues, the respective company is now on the top of milestones. By the assistance of various responsibility speculations the association like Volkswagen can relieve their danger and issue identified with their business prospects. Diesel is preferable known in Europe over in America, in immense part as an aftereffect of natural testing measures. Gas engines exude more carbon dioxide, diesel engines, which are more gainful fuel-wise, transmit considerably more nitrogen oxides (NOx) than gas engines. Since the presentation of the US Clean Air Act of 1970, NOx transmissions are subjected to more stringent controls than COà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ releases here, while over the lake, COà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ is more solidly controlled than NOx. Along these lines diesel autos make up 33% of the explorer vehicle fleet in Europe anyway it is a relative anomaly in the U.S. Volkswagen, which makes an extensive parcel of the savages, thought up and presented a code functioning as a "whipping contraption" to sense when one of its diesel vehicles was being striven for ni trogen oxide releases test. Once a test was recognized, the item would diminish torque and NOx releases, while under normal conditions, that is, the time when the vehicle was not being striven for radiations, the auto would be guided by an alternate venture that would grow accelerating, torque, and mileage (Montagna, 1991).Viability and corporate social commitment are troublesome. Every boss goes up against tradeoffs between the transient and the whole deal, between quarterly advantages and the more drawn out term characteristic impact, between their yearly pay and the survival of the business. We endeavor to instruct our understudies to grasp the unpredictability of managerial fundamental initiative. Business pioneers need to face these tradeoffs, not ignore them. Conclusion While it is still too early to know where to lay the shortcoming in the VW insult, power disillusionments of this compose are routinely due to a failure in character, not a nonappearance of aptitudes or duty. The three sections that reinforce awesome activity are character, capacities and obligation. If any of these is inadequate concerning, the shortage will undermine substitute sections and, finally, incite execution issues for pioneers, affiliations and their accomplices. References Bryer, R. (2013). Americanism and financial accounting theory Part 3: Adam Smith, the rise and fall of socialism, and Irving Fisher's theory of accounting.Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 24(7-8), pp.572-615. Demski, J. (1988). Positive accounting theory: A review.Accounting, Organizations and Society, 13(6), pp.623-629. Jnsson, S. (1991). Accounting elites and accounting theory: A reply to Paul Montagna.Accounting, Organizations and Society, 16(1), pp.101-103. Montagna, P. (1991). Accounting elites and accounting theory.Accounting, Organizations and Society, 16(1), pp.93-99. Watts, R. (1992). Accounting choice theory and market-based research in accounting.The British Accounting Review, 24(3), pp.235-267. Whitley, R. (1988). The possibility and utility of positive accounting theory.Accounting, Organizations and Society, 13(6), pp.631-645.

Post and Lintel Systems free essay sample

The Evolution of the Post and Lintel Structural System The post and lintel structural system, more commonly known today as post and beam, is a construction method used to hold the weight of a building through the use of two or more upright posts that support the horizontal beam/lintel that spans between them. This technique has been used for centuries and is still seen today. When this system was first put into place it was solely for structural support, but as time moved forward, we see a shift in its purpose as stylistic features are often added by different cultures that borrowed this technique. While reading through the chapters, I realized the changes made to the structural system began as a basis of construction and ended with the Romans who turned this support into art. Catal Huyuk, located in present day Turkey, was one of the first known urban communities that started around 6500 BCE and served as a trading town. We will write a custom essay sample on Post and Lintel Systems or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This community was packed tight with dwelling houses, workshops, and shrines. There was no usage of streets to access the buildings and instead pedestrians traveled along the rooftops and entered through openings in the walls. In order to define one space from another, the residents used a timber post and lintel system and mud-brick walls to define ones rectangular spaced home. By doing this they have created one large perimeter wall that encompasses their entire community. In 2900 BCE, workers located on the Salisbury Plain in England began to create one of the most well known megalith stone structures titled Stonehenge. Here, we see another example of the early use of the post and lintel construction whose purpose was for structural reasoning only. The creators of Stonehenge created a layered system of circles that aided in determining the annual calendar as well as the prediction of lunar and solar eclipses. In the center is a U shaped formation of sacren stones known as the Trilithons, which establish the northeast axis of the structure. In order to ensure the stability of these stones, a lintel was placed atop every two stones where knobs on the top of the uprights fit into socket holes on the underside of the lintels therefore locking the two together. The stones seen here are shown in a very raw form and are not altered for visual appearance. In Egypt, we begin to see the structural post and lintel system being turned into a more visual appealing shape that adds to the overall appearance of the building through the use of colonnades. If you refer to the mortuary temple of Mentuhotep and Queen Hatshepsut you will see construction similarities for they both use large ramps leading to the next terrace whose retaining walls consist of carved relief colonnades. These colonnades look the same from the front view having the same rectangular shape, but in the mortuary temple of Queen Hatshepsut there are cylindrical columns with fluting behind the rectangular piers that are now known as being proto-Doric for its relation to the orders of architecture soon to be created by the Greeks. The last two groups seen thus far who make a significant change to the post and lintel system are the Greeks and Romans. They are the ones credited for creating a system of column types that each has their own visual appealing aspects. The Greeks came up with a system of stylized treatments for bases, capitals, and the supported members, the entablature. This system then became a term that now acts as the basis for classical architecture, which is known as the orders of architecture containing the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders. The Doric is the strongest and has a fluted shaft, no base, and an echinus molding supporting the abacus. The Ionic features scrolls in the capital and has a fluted shaft. The Corinthian is the order that features acanthus-leaf capitals atop a fluted shaft. The Romans add to the orders by the creation of the Tuscan, unfluted columns and simplified capitals, and Composite columns, a combination of Ionic and Corinthian features. In summary, we have seen the post and beam construction develop from a rudimentary to sophisticated design. The technology gets passed from culture to culture and generation-to-generation. With each, the system is refined based on local materials, cultural styles and technological advances of the time. Though the technology has changed appearances and multiplied options, the ancient systems are as common to today’s designs as when they were originated. The post and lintel system remains a popular aesthetic system every bit as relevant to organizing architecture and interior spaces today.