René Magritte :: essays research papers

Renà © Magritte   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Renà © Magritte was born in Belgium on November 21, 1898. His childhood took place in Charlerloi. He was born to poverty and held left-wing political views. Magritte’s mother killed herself when he was only fourteen. He later joined the Communist Party. However, he preferred not to use his art for political causes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Magritte started to create successful oil paintings in the 1920s. This is when Magritte started to come into his own. In 1922, Magritte got married to Georgette Berger. Magritte was inspired by Georgette and she became his model. He also became friendly with Victor Servranckx, who had developed a very geometric-abstract style. This was the beginning of a new direction for Magritte. In 1927 Magritte and Georgette moved to Paris to be closer to where it all happens. He started to take part in the activities of the Surrealists, which became his style of choice for the majority of his life. Magritte began combining words and images in his paintings. These word-pictures were not mere illustrations of an object or a concept. Just the opposite, his work was intended to gently destabilize our mental habits of representation. Magritte elaborated a instructive classification of this type of painting, the simplest which consisted of denying an images through words, or vice v ersa. Magritte shared the Surrealist concept of the power of desire and eroticism to change life and wanted to translate this idea through unconventional images. He continued involving metamorphosis in his work. In Black Magic, a naked woman leaning on a rock gradually merges into the blue sky. The painter was, nevertheless, distrustful of the obvious seduction of beautiful colors. In The Rape he even pushed it to the point of obsession with the features of a woman's face replaced by sexual attributes, such as breasts, a belly button and pubic hair.. In 1940, Magritte was going through a crisis resulting from the German occupation in World War II. Also, at this point Magritte’s financial situation became an issue and his dissatisfaction with his own paintings. From then on, he decided that a feeling of pleasure and an atmosphere of happiness had to predominate over the sense of anxiety. Magritte first thought about changing his iconography and began to paint the leaf-birds, which are seen in two works from 1942, Treasure Island and The Companions of Fear.

Nelson Mandela And His Life And Work History History Essay

Nelson Mandela. The adult male everyone knows about. The adult male who was against the Apartheid. He did n't merely speak about it, but he besides did something about it. He ‘s a great adult male. In this chapter we ‘ll speak about his life, his actions and how these actions have changed the universe. Biography Rolihlahla Mandela, subsequently called Nelson Mandela, was born on July 18, 1918 in Mvezo. A bantam small town in the state of Transkei, South Africa. Mandela ‘s male parent had three married womans. The 3rd one was Mandela ‘s female parent, here name was Nosekeni Fanny. Mandela ‘s male parent was destined to be a main and served as a counselor to tribal heads. But this was non traveling tot happen. Over a difference with the local colonial magistrate, he lost his rubric and luck. Because of this event, they were forced to travel tot Qunu. This was an even smaller small town so Mvezo and lay in North of it. The small town was n't developed by far. There were n't any roads, merely some foot waies. The household lived in huts and could merely afford the local crop to eat. This consisted corn, sorghum, Cucurbita pepo and beans. Water could merely be fetched from springs and watercourses and cookery was done outdoors. Mandela ‘s household had a truly heard clip, but he himself could still be a kid. He played games with the other male childs who lived in the small town. Rolihlahla ‘s male parent ‘s friends suggested that Rolihlahla would travel to the Methodist church and so he became the first in his household to go to school. As was the usage at the clip, Rolihlahla got a new first name. This was likely due to significance of his old name: ‘troublemaker ‘ . His instructor told him his new name would be ‘Nelson ‘ . Since so Mandela was no longer called Rolihlahla, but Nelson Mandela. The name of the adult male we know today as a really great adult male in history. When Nelson Mandela was nine old ages old his male parent died of a lung disease. This changed his life dramatically. He was adopted by Chief Jongintaba Dalindvebo, the moving trustee of the Thembu people. Old ages earlier Nelson ‘s male parent had recommended Jongintaba to be made a head. So this was done as a gesture to him. This acceptance meant that Nelson had to go forth the small town Qunu. He moved to Mqhekezweni, the provincial capital of Thembuland. Here was the head ‘s royal abode where Nelson would be populating in the following few old ages. His new household treated him good. Nelson was given the same position and duties as the trustee ‘s two other kids, his boy Justice and his girl Namafu. Nelson besides got instruction. He studied English, Xhosa, history and geographics at a one-room school next to the castle. During his stay in Mqhekezweni, a few senior trustees came to the Great Palace on official concern. It was caused by them that he got so interested by African history. They told him about South Africa. About the manner how the people lived in peace before the white people had arrived. The people of South Africa lived as brothers until the white work forces ruined that bond. The white work forces took all the land for themselves and left nil for its original dwellers. This cognition has had a great influence on his ulterior life. When the male childs in Africa were 16 old ages old, they would do the passage from boyhood to manhood. So would Mandela. This was a ritual every male child would travel through in his life. When it was Mandela ‘s bend, it was n't an ordinary rite. Most of the clip the rite was something you should be happy about. You were turning into a adult male! But this clip it was n't that cheerful. The chief talker at the ceremonial, Chief Meliggili, spoke unhappily of the immature work forces as a coevals enslaved in their ain state. Their land was under the control of the white work forces, so they would ne'er hold the power to regulate themselves, he said. Because of this it was non the ceremonial the immature male childs had expected. But at least, Nelson had eventually turned into a adult male! In 1939, the twelvemonth when Nelson turned 18, he went to the University College of Fort Hare. This was the lone residential Centre of higher acquisition for inkinesss in South Africa. You can compare Fort Hare with Oxford or Harvard. Mandela took all the needed classs, but focused on Roman Dutch jurisprudence. This was to fix for a calling in civil service as an translator or clerk. This was the best profession you could obtain as a black adult male. A few hebdomads after Nelson got home from the University College of Fort Hare, the trustee Jongintaba announced he had arranged a matrimony for him. Mandela was shocked and felt trapped. He ran off to Johannesburg, where he had a assortment of occupations. While he was working he besides was finishing his unmarried man ‘s degree via correspondence classs. After this he went to the University of Witwatersrand where he studied jurisprudence. During his survey he became actively involved in the anti-apartheid motion and joined the African National Congress ( ANC ) in 1942. Within the ANC, a little group of immature Africans ( Nelson Mandela included ) bonded together, naming themselves the African National Congress Youth League. They wanted to alter the old tactics of polite petitioning. They wanted to make something that was effectual. In 1949 the ANC officially adopted the methods of the Youth League. From now on they used methods like work stoppages, civil noncompliance and non-cooperation with the white work forces. Their end was to acquire redistribution of land, merchandise brotherhood rights and free and mandatory instruction for all the black kids. For 20 old ages Nelson directed a run of peaceable, non-violent rebelliousness against the South African authorities and its racialist policies. These runs included the Defiance Campaign in 1952 and the Congress of the Peoples in 1955. But non everything was condoned. In 1956 Mandela and 150 others were arrested, but besides instantly acquitted. During this period, a new organisation was formed, the Africanists. Another group of black militants, but who disagreed with the methods of the ANC. They thought it was uneffective. By 1959 the ANC lost much of its support, because of the Pan-Africanist Congress. The new name of the Africanists, who had grown in figure of back uping people. Mandela, who was ever committed tot non-violent protest, began to believe otherwise by 1961. He believed the lone manner to accomplish alteration was armed battle. Because of this new idea he co-founded Umkhonto we Sizwe, besides known as MK. This was an armed outgrowth of the ANC. It was formed to stop apartheid utilizing guerrilla war tactics and sabotage. He organized a three-day national workers work stoppage in 1961, which led to his apprehension in 1962. He was sentenced to five old ages in prison for the work stoppage. But this was n't the concluding determination. He was brought to test once more in 1963, where he and ten other ANC leaders were sentenced to life imprisonment for political offenses, including sabotage. Mandela was imprisoned on Robben Island. Here he received the lowest degree of intervention because of the fact that he was a black political captive. However, Mandela spent a portion of his imprisonment rather good. He earned a Bachelor of Law degree through a University of London correspondence plan. About everyone in the universe knew Mandela by so. He was a symbol of black opposition. Mandela got much international support, but this was n't that helpful for him. The South African authorities kept him locked up on Robben Island. Mandela did n't remain on Robben Island. In 1982 he and the other ANC leaders were moved to Pollsmoor Prison. This was to enable contact between the captives and the authorities of South Africa. Many offers were made to Mandela. So offered president P.W. Botha in 1985 Mandela ‘s release in exchange for abdicating armed battle, but this offer was rejected. The force per unit area continued to lift. Not merely local, but besides international. In 1989 Botha suffered a shot. Because of this he was replaces by Frederik Willem de Klerk. This alteration of president led to the release of Mandela in 1990. Not merely this had changed. The ANC were unbanned, the limitations on political groups were removed and executings were suspended. Mandela did n't desire foreign powers to interfere. He stated a committedness to work toward peace. But he did n't stop the armed battle of the ANC. This would go on until the black bulk received the right to vote. In 1991 Mandela was elected president of the ANC. He kept negociating with president De Klerk. He still wanted multi-racial elections. The white people were willing to portion the power, so that was n't the job. The job was that many black Africans wanted a complete transportation of power. The dialogues were frequently really labored and there were a batch of violent eruptions trough the whole state. Besides Mandela played a function in the agitation of the land. He made certain the presentations and armed opposition went on, to put an even heavier force per unit area on the South African authorities. Mandela ‘s tactics led to success. On April 27, 1994, the first democratic elections were held in South Africa. A few months subsequently, on May 10, 1994, Mandela ( who was 77 old ages old ) was chosen to be the state ‘s first black president. De Klerk was became his first deputy. Nelson and de Klerk won the Nobel Prize for Pease in 1993, for leveling apartheid. Mandela published his autobiography ‘Long Walk to Freedom ‘ in 1994. Much of this book had he, in secret, written while he was in prison. Mandela worked while he was president on the relationship between the black and the white people. He used the state ‘s enthusiasm for athleticss for this. He encouraged the black work forces to back up the white work forces with their athleticss, in peculiar Rugby. And so he encouraged the white work forces to back up the black work forces with their athleticss. This led to Mandela ‘s end, a better relationship between those to groups. Not merely did he work on this, he besides worked on the state ‘s economic system. He protected it from prostration. Mandela had formed a Reconstruction and Development Plan, which led to the creative activity of new occupations, lodging and basic wellness attention. In 1996 he signed into the jurisprudence of South Africa that everyone was equal to each other and that everyone had the right to vote. In 1999 Mandela retired from active political relations. He still maintained a busy agenda. He had founded his ain organisation: the Mandela Foundation. This foundation built schools and clinics in South Africa. He besides published a figure of books. Those were about his life and battle. Mandela was diagnosed and treated for prostate malignant neoplastic disease. Three old ages subsequently, in June 2004, he announced his formal retirement from public life. He returned to his native small town of Qunu. This was at the age of 85 old ages. In July 2007, Mandela convened a group of universe leaders in Asia, the Middle East and Africa. Among them Graca Machel, Desmond Tutu, Kofi Annan, Ela Bhatt, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Jimmy Carter, Li Zhaoxing, Mary Robinson and Muhammad Yunus. They named themselves ‘The Elders ‘ . This group wanted to happen solutions to jobs around the universe. The fought for peace, adult females ‘s equality, an terminal to atrociousnesss and democracy. Mandela besides fought against AIDS. This disease killed his boy, Makgatho Mandela in 2005. Mandela was married three times. To Evelyn Ntoko Mase from 1944 boulder clay 1957, they had four kids. From 1958 boulder clay 1996 he was married with Winnie Madikizela-Mandela with whom he had two girls. He ‘s now married to Gra & A ; ccedil ; a Machel since 1998. A closer expression to his actions

Today Online Banking In The UK Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1795 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.] Today online banking in the UK allows individuals to access manage and transact on all aspects of personal finance Introduction: In the recent years, innovation has played an important role to develop the financial markets sector. One of the recent developments was the internet that becomes a source of data base and new method of communication. In the last 30 years the United Kingdom has witnessed the introduction of the online banking as method of providing a variety of financial products. In the same manner internet has used in the financial market to provide the opportunity for customers and investor to manage and invest in new financial products without the need for a financial adviser or the use of traditional banking services. These services are provided through the use of the online financial market and the online management account. (Daniel1999). The financial supermarket service provides the opportunity for investors to access different share markets and trade with different type of financial products such as saving account, cash ISA, bonds. The disadvantage of financial supermarket is that does not provide all of the financial products in the same time (Durkin, M., 2007). On other hand Non- financial corporations start to compete in the financial service market motivated by the use of internet that allow them to offer financial services to customers the same as any financial institution with lower costs(Daniel1999) . For example, Sainsburyacirc;â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s now offers variety of financial services through their online website or through their retail branches. At the same time online service does not only provide financial products to customers but also provide a variety of financial data that customers and investors can use to compare between different organisations in the finical market. The banking online service has offered an Online Management Account that allows individual customers to setup an online account by registering their personal details and identification information. Also online banking provides different measure of security such as securit y password, proof of identification and proof of address. Once the customers have registered with online financial institute, they will able to access their online account at any time. The online account will provide customers with variety of services such as checking debt payments and standing orders and make payment through direct or credit card. Also management account can gave them access to check payment history and any received money. In recent years banking online system has developed a transferring money service through different accounts that give them cheaper method of transferring money in comparison with traditional method that are takes lot of time to process and has high costs. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Today Online Banking In The UK Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Adoption of online banking in the UK: Since the introduction of the online banking in the early 1980s, the online has been always observed as specious method of service and has been slowly adopted as new method of money transaction. Several different researches by academic bodies have showed the different development of adopting the online banking in the UK. In the year 1999 research study published by the London business school that aimed to analyse the motivation behind the development of the online banking based on two organisational and market factors. The research has involved 44 of the largest banks in the UK and showed that 25% of British Banks providing online service while 75% are thinking of developing online Banking system. (Telecomworldwire 2003) . In the year 2008 a research study by APACS showed the number of online banking users has been increased from 3.5 million users in the year 2000 to 21 million users in the year 2008 with increase of 505%. (Credit Management 2008). In the same time other auth ors still believe that online banking is slowly adapted. In his article (Internet Banking In The Uk), white argue that level of online banking users is not the same level as internet users, according to white research the British users still have a lot of security concerns regarding the online transactions(White,. 2004). In his research White has interviewed 56 online banking customers some of the customers where interesting in timeliness of the service while other group where concerned regarding the security system of the online banking (White,. 2004). White argues that most of customers tend to use non-traditional online banking such as Egg rather than traditional banks such as Royal bank of Scotland. The reasons is that non-traditional provide a higher level of security and better performance and credibility. Overall White believes that customers tend use online banking for secondary financial activities such as deposit accounts. He also concludes that majority of UK Customers Pr efer traditional banking service for their financial priorities rather than use of online service. (White,. 2004). The advantage of online banking: Since 1980s the banking sector in the UK has been affected by various external developments such as internet. This development has played an important role in attracting customers and competing effectively in the financial sector. The internet will offer the opportunity to switch financial intuitions at any time with click of button (brahim, E.E,2006). It also offers customer to overview all financial product available and compare between different services in easy access. In the same time online banking provided financial organisations to reduce the number of their employees. This development has reduced the overall cost of entering in the financial market and influence new competitors to compete in the same sector (brahim, E.E,2006). Today it is not only banks that offer financial services but retail stores such as Tesco and online financial service providers such as Egg. Also the online network has increased banks profit because of internet delivery service that is more practica l to customers and cheaper method to deliver services in comparison with establishing a bank (Anne, J.B,2002). It has also attracted more customers and contained the current customers. The advantage for customer is that they can be confident of fast and efficient service at all times (Anne, J.B,2002). Another benefit online banking provides higher interest rate in comparison with traditional banking. This means that customer will have higher return at the end of each year. There is no restriction on accessing the service and easier way to pay payments plus fast transactions between different accounts that saves a lot of time in comparison using the telephone service or the branch. On other hand there is several disadvantages for example security issues a high number of customer still have some concerns regarding the use of online service , also the changes in sites and new updates can be confusing and complicating to customers . Also the internet banking does not target all genders and ages. Older ages (50-65) still prefer to use the traditional banking service. Future aspect of online banking: The fast usage of internet among people and organisations has led banks to the development of the online service. It started when banks started provide information about their servicer through internet by setting websites and providing information details about all of their financial products and services (Waite, Harrison,., 2002). In the same time the increase access of the internet and development of providing different products through the internet has influenced banks to start develop their own websites toward providing services through the internet. In the same time online banking become faster and more efficient method of providing service rather the use traditional way and also more beneficial to the banks in the terms of lower level of expenses such establishing branch in different geographical location and low cost of maintenance. Using the online banking has influenced new competitors to compete in the banking service due to low cost and number of employees. It also meant that customers can access their account at any time in any part of the world (Waite, Harrison,., 2002). Also the use of the online banking system has opened more opportunities for banks to attract new customers from different part of the world and compete in larger scale markets. On other hand online banking has provided customers the ability to manage their account where there is reduction in time loss and no cost of using the service. In the same time some academic authors has viewed physical banking service has more in risky specially in the scale of market risk, solvency risk while in the online banking customers tend to have more advantage to control these risks. However using online banking can create different measures of risks such as privacy and security risks. The usage of customersacirc;â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ personal data is an important aspect in the processing of the online service (Aodheen Odonnell 2002). The sharing of this private information can viewed as risk to many cus tomers that has suspicions regarding the security measures provided by each bank. In the same time Banks with highly restricted security measures can create time loss risk and decrease level of services provided to customers. In general terms the future aspect online banking seems positive due to fast and easy access service. Conclusion Today with the influence of technology and innovation in our life and business, markets has become more aware of the changes should implemented to improve their opportunities to satisfy customer demand and meet people expectation. Today online banking sector has become one of the main attractive markets and has attract new investors and international competitors mainly because it became widely popular among people and it has positive future prospect with low level of investment . On other hand customers start observe that online banking as cheaper and easier way of payment and effect method of account management. The adoption of online banking in the UK has increased rapidly in the last ten years, mainly because of the advantages provided by the system and the wide increase of internet users. However some customers still believes that use of traditional banking are important and canacirc;â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be replaced by the online banking. According to the recent research the number of UK users has been increased from 3.5 million users from the year 2000 to 21 million users in the year 2008 and the majority of the transactions have been categorized second level transaction (Credit Management 2008). This gives clear indication that customers still specious to use online service, mainly because of the security and privacy risks that create barrier for the wide spread of the online banking. In summary, customers observe that online banking as a useful method of transaction but they still believes that traditional banking is much more secured service and canacirc;â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be replaced by the online banking even though there has been an increase in the last seven years. It furthermore indicates that traditional banking plays a significant and fundamental role in the banking sector.